By Mauldin Economics. Originally published at ValueWalk.
The Federal Reserve hiked interest rates again last week.
Higher rates aren’t entirely bad. They might help savers holding cash—though I wonder why anyone would still hold cash after almost a decade of punishment. The Fed has forced Americans into riskier assets, using every tool but horsewhips.
The bigger question is what this tells us about future Fed policy. Given that the Fed’s composition will probably change in the next year, what if we let the math decide?
Rising Rates and Shrinking Balance Sheets Pose Risks Ahead
Fed Formulas
In 2006, Harvard economist Greg Mankiw designed a formula to assess what interest rate the Fed should target, based on inflation and unemployment.
At the time, the unemployment rate hovered around 4.6% and core inflation 2.4%. Plug those numbers into Mankiw’s formula, and you get a 5.42% rate target. The actual fed funds rate was 5.25%, so not far off.
However, that picture has changed dramatically.
The Fed’s preferred inflation gauge, core PCE, is up 1.7% since this time last year, and the unemployment rate is 4.3%. So according to Mankiw’s formula, we would expect a fed funds rate of 4.86% right now.
It’s not even close. Last week, the Fed raised the rate to the 1.0–1.25% range.
Even the most hawkish FOMC voter (whoever it is) doesn’t foresee rates touching 4% before 2019. And all the others predicted much lower rates than that.
Clearly, this means the rules have changed.
Here Comes Quantitative Tightening
Faith vs. Data
The real reason Yellen and others want to raise rates: they want to be able to cut rates in the next recession without going below zero.
In other words, they need breathing room. But acquiring it may bring on the very recession they’re preparing for.
Minneapolis Fed President Neel Kashkari disagreed with last week’s decision and explained why in a long blog post. Here’s his main point:
For me, deciding whether to raise rates or hold steady came down to a tension between faith and data.
On one hand, intuitively, I am inclined to believe in the logic of the Phillips curve: A tight labor market should lead to competition for workers, which should lead to higher wages. Eventually, firms will have to pass some of those costs on to their customers, which should lead to higher inflation. That makes intuitive sense. That’s the faith part.
On the other hand, unfortunately, the data aren’t supporting this story, with the FOMC coming up short on its inflation target for many years in a row, and now with core inflation actually falling even as the labor market is tightening. If we base our outlook for inflation on these actual data, we shouldn’t have raised rates this week. Instead, we should have waited to see if the recent drop in inflation is transitory to ensure that we are fulfilling our inflation mandate.
Kashkari considers the risk of above-2% inflation returning to be low—and manageable even if it happens.
But why are we even having this argument?
Algorithmic Central Banking?
We talk all the time about robots taking our jobs. Could they take the Fed’s job?
Presently, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) spends thousands of work hours trying to solve the same problem Professor Mankiw’s equation answers in about one minute.
Some economists think the Fed should just follow fixed rules—not necessarily Mankiw’s formula, but something like it. Put rates on autopilot and get out of the way.
An attractive idea that might even yield better results. But, much like a plane’s autopilot, we need at least one skilled human aboard to take the stick if necessary.
The output—that is, monetary policy rules—would highly depend on the input. Incorrect inflation or unemployment data might produce unexpected results.
President Trump hasn’t yet nominated anyone for the three vacant Fed seats, so a whole different crew could be in charge next year.
Meanwhile, names floating around to replace Janet Yellen include advocates of rules-based policymaking. A recent Bloomberg survey of economists pegged Stanford economist John Taylor, author of the “Taylor Rule,” as a likely candidate for the job. Mankiw got a few votes too.
But whoever occupies the top seat, they will still need a transition plan. An overnight jump from today’s 1% range to nearly 5% would be disruptive, to say the least.
That leaves us back at the same conclusion.
Goldman Notes Economic Statistics, Particularly Wage Growth, Might Be Getting Close to “Just Right”
Maximum Monetary Uncertainty
We live in a time of maximum monetary uncertainty. US interest rates drive the US dollar, which in turn drives just about every financial market on the globe. It’s that important.
For example, dividend-paying US stocks will be relatively less attractive if new Fed policies drive long-term interest rates higher. But they could also gain value if bond yields move lower. What do you do?
I look for income-generating investments that can adjust to fast-changing conditions. They exist, if you have an open mind and know where to look.
Only one thing is sure in this transition: Anything can happen – so be ready for anything.
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